Big Mean Folder Machine 2 41 Mm

• Big Mean Folder Machine 2 41 Mm =
• Big Mean Folder Machine 2
• Big Mean Folder Machine 2 41 Mm Socket
• Big Mean Folder Machine 2 41 Mm Equals

7,92 mm K 41 7,92 mm K 43 7,92 mm M G 13 7,92 mm M G 34 7,92 mm M G 42 S. APCR: 11.55 g: 785 m/s: 8 mm: 3.5 mm-S. APCR: 12.6 g-13 mm: 7.5 mm-28 mm; s Pz B 41: 2,8 cm Pzgr. 41: APCNR: 121 g: 1430 m/s: 60 mm: 40 mm: 25 mm-20 mm; 2 cm Kw K 30 and 38 2 cm Flak 30 and 38 2 cm Pzgr. AP: 148 g: 780 m/s: 23 mm: 14 mm-2 cm Pzgr. An eye for detail and another on the big picture – that's what's needed to develop a lift system that is not only compact in design, but also impresses with easy installation. That is what makes AVENTOS HK top the perfect solution for cabinetry where every detail counts. Envelope Size Chart. Envelopes are most commonly converted from the text/writing weight papers. Weight is important for many reasons. Thickness represents a nice quality and durability, but can also add to the weight of your mailing in which you may incur additional postage. An eye for detail and another on the big picture – that's what's needed to develop a lift system that is not only compact in design, but also impresses with easy installation. That is what makes AVENTOS HK top the perfect solution for cabinetry where every detail counts.

K-950™ Automatic Shirt Folder

(0 Reviews)

Amscomatic's K-950™ is a sophisticated high-speed automatic folding system designed to precisely fold a wide variety of garments and other textile items. It’s engineered for dependable performance and low maintenance in demanding, high-production environments, and can be easily integrated with other Amscomatic equipment to create a highly-productive folding/labeling/bagging/sealing system.

LS-350™ Long Sleeve Folder

(0 Reviews)

Folding long-sleeve garments is easier than ever with the Amscomatic LS-350™ long-sleeve pre-folding attachment.

Skinfolds, calipers, the pinch test - call it what you like, but if you insist on putting your clients through it then at least learn how to take the measurements correctly by reading here.

Skinfold testing, also known as calliper testing is a commonly used method to determine a clients body fat percentage.

This technique of measurement is based on the densitometry technique (underwater weighing) and the prediction equations are ‘population specific’. That means originally to come up with the equations to calculate body fat from calliper measurements a whole lot of people were underwater weighed and then calliper tested. Their results from the underwater weighing were used to work out what equation was needed to convert their calliper measurements to a body fat percentage.

The equations actually only predict body fat within 3-5% of the value obtained from underwater weighing and only if the person is similar in age, gender, state of training, fatness and culture to the population from which the equations were originally derived.

In other words, there is the real possibility that calliper measurements will be inaccurate, misleading and unreliable in many instances. That means personal trainers expose themselves and their clients to significant risks. If a client trains well for six weeks then finds out their body fat percentage hasn’t changed (or worse has become larger) because there were errors in the equations used, or the measurements taken, or the consistency of the measurements, the result will be one of disappointment, frustration and de-motivation.

This is why we recommend extreme caution and very strict use of protocols if you are going to use calliper testing in any way. If you do, it is best just to use a ‘sum of skinfolds’ where you add up all the measures you take and don’t convert to body fat percentage as this, at the very least, removes the errors in equations and comparisons to sample populations which can throw your figures off.

As this technique is commonly used in the fitness industry and some clients may even specifically request it, it is important that you understand the protocol and are competent at completing it. Remember though, choose wisely the circumstances in which you use this type of measurement and pick the test that best suits your client goals and will provide valid, reliable and positive results.

If you are going to use callipers as a form of measurement it is recommended you practice your skill in measuring skinfolds on between 50-100 ‘practice’ participants to develop your proficiency.

Proceduresfor skinfold measurement:

You need to firmly grasp a fold of your client’s skin between your thumb and index finger and lift this up. The skinfold should include two thicknesses; one of skin and one of the subcutaneous fat, but no muscle or fascia.

Place the contact surface of the callipers at a 90 degree angle to the skinfold approximately 1cm below the fingers. Slightly release the pressure between the fingers, but remain holding the skinfold so that a greater pressure is applied by the callipers. Release the handle of the callipers and read the needle to the nearest 0.1mm approximately 4 seconds after the pressure is released.

Here are some key points to remember when taking skinfold measurements:

• Ensure you are careful in locating the anatomical landmarks used to identify the skinfold site
• Take all skinfolds on the right side of the body (for reliability)
• Ensure that you take the skinfold in a rotational order (circuit) and do not complete consecutive readings at each skinfold site
• Grasp the skinfold firmly between your thumb and index finger of your left hand. The skinfold is lifted 1 cm and recorded with the callipers held in the right hand
• Keep the fold elevated while the measurement is recorded
• Take the skinfold measurement 4 seconds after the calliper pressure is released
• Take a minimum of two measurements at each site. The acceptable range between repeated measures is 1mm. If the values vary by more than 1mm take an additional measurement and use the average of the three measurements
• Skinfold measurements should not be taken when the skin is wet or after exercise
• Remember age, size and state of hydration may affect skinfold measurement

The‘Durnin and Womersley’ four-site skinfold test

The most commonly used skinfold test is the Durnin & Womersley four site test, devised in 1974 (yip – it’s pretty dated!). This test uses the sum of the triceps, biceps, subscapula and suprailiac skinfolds to produce an estimate of body fat for males and females.

The following images and instructions will help you to locate the four sites used in the Durnin and Womersley test. Once you have successfully located the sites use the previous instructions on how to take a skinfold to complete the four site test.

Once you have completed and recorded the measurements of the four sites, refer to the following tables for the conversion of the sum of the four skinfolds to % body fat and for a rating of the sum of the four skinfolds for males and females of normal and athletic ability.

TricepSkinfold

• Vertical fold
• Located on the posterior midline of the upper arm
• Measure halfway between the acromion (bony point of the shoulder) and olecranon processes (bony point of the elbow)
• Arm held freely to the side of the body

Biceps Skinfold

• Vertical fold
• Located on the anterior midline of the upper arm over the belly of the biceps muscle
• Located 1 cm higher than the level used to mark the triceps site

Subscapula Skinfold

• Diagonal fold
• Located 1 to 2 cm below the inferior angle of the scapula (the bottom of the shoulder blade)
• If you struggle to locate the bottom of the shoulder blade then ask your client to raise their arm up behind their back – this should make the scapula become more prominent.

Suprailiac Skinfold

• Diagonal fold
• Located 1 cm above the anterior superior iliac crest (top of the hip bone)
• Locating this landmark may require you to ‘poke’ firmly through thick subcutaneous layers of fat to find the bone underneath.

Once you have recorded the skinfolds at each site you could simply use these measurements to compare with subsequent measurements to show change in the clients skinfold over time (which we recommend), alternatively you can add the sum of the four sites together to work out an estimate of your clients body fat percentage using the following table.

BodyFat % Conversion Table

Use the table below for the conversion of the sum of the four skinfolds (biceps, triceps, subscapula and suprailiac) in mm into % body fat.

Skinfolds(mm)	Males (age in years)				Females (age in years)
	17-29	30-39	40-49	50+	18-29	30-39	40-49	50+
15	4.8	--	--	12.6	10.5	--	--	--
20	8.1	12.2	12.2	15.6	14.1	17.0	19.8	21.4
25	10.5	14.2	15.0	18.6	18.8	19.4	22.2	24.0
30	12.9	16.2	17.7	20.8	19.5	21.8	24.5	26.6
35	14.7	17.7	19.8	22.9	21.5	23.7	26.4	28.5
40	16.4	19.2	21.4	24.7	23.4	25.5	28.2	30.3
45	17.7	20.4	23.0	26.5	25.0	26.9	29.6	31.9
50	19.0	21.5	24.6	27.9	26.5	28.2	31.0	33.4
55	20.1	22.5	25.9	29.2	27.8	29.4	32.1	34.6
60	21.2	23.6	27.1	30.4	29.1	30.6	33.2	35.7
65	22.2	Shonen jump official site. 24.3	28.2	31.6	30.2	31.6	34.1	36.7
70	23.1	25.1	29.3	32.7	31.2	32.5	35.0	37.7
75	24.0	25.9	30.3	33.8	32.2	33.4	35.9	38.7
80	24.8	26.6	31.2	34.8	33.1	34.3	36.7	39.8
85	25.6	27.2	32.1	35.8	34.0	35.8	37.5	40.4
90	26.2	27.8	33.0	36.6	34.8	36.5	38.3	41.2
95	26.9	28.4	33.7	37.4	35.6	37.2	39.0	41.9
100	27.6	29.0	34.4	38.2	36.4	37.9	39.7	42.6
105	28.2	29.6	35.1	39.0	37.1	38.6	40.4	43.3
110	28.8	30.1	35.8	39.7	37.8	39.1	41.0	43.9
115	29.4	30.6	36.4	40.4	38.4	39.6	41.5	44.5
120	30.0	31.1	37.0	41.1	39.0	40.1	42.0	45.1
125	30.5	31.5	37.6	41.8	39.6	40.6	42.5	45.7
130	31.0	31.9	38.2	42.4	40.2	41.1	43.0	46.2
135	31.5	32.3	38.7	43.0	40.8	41.6	43.5	46.7
140	32.0	32.7	39.2	43.6	41.3	42.1	44.0	47.2
145	32.5	33.1	39.7	44.1	41.8	42.6	44.5	47.7
150	32.9	33.6	40.2	44.6	42.3	43.1	45.0	48.2
155	33.3	33.9	40.7	45.1	42.8	43.6	45.4	48.7
160	33.7	34.3	41.2	45.1	43.3	44.0	45.8	49.2
1655	34.1	34.6	41.6	--	43.7	44.4	46.2	49.6
170	34.5	34.8	42.0	46.1	44.1	44.8	46.6	50.0
175	34.9	--	--	--	--	45.2	47.0	50.4
180	35.3	--	--	--	--	45.6	47.4	50.8
185	35.6	--	--	--	--	45.9	47.8	51.2
190	35.9	--	--	--	--	46.2	48.2	51.6
195	--	--	--	--	--	46.5	48.5	52.0
200	--	--	--	--	--	--	48.8	52.4
205	--	--	--	--	--	--	49.1	52.7

Ratingof the Sum of the Four Skinfolds

You can use this table (although we would advise against it) for a rating of poor to excellent for the sum of your clients four skinfolds.

Ability	Gender	Excellent	Good	Average	Below average	Poor
Normal	Male	60-80	81-90	91-100	111-150	150+
Normal	Female	70-90	91-100	101-120	121-150	150+
Athletic	Male	40-60	61-80	81-100	101-130	130+
Athletic	Female	50-70	71-85	86-110	111-130	130+

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PT Session Delivery Guide

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Addicting your Personal Training clients to training regularly is easy! Claim your copy of our Session Delivery Guide now and learn how it's done!

Client Nutrition and Lifestyle Logbook

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Version 2.42

21st October 2020

The new version adds native Apple Silicon support and Big Sur compatibility.

Version 2.41

20th December 2019

The new version correctly displays the trial limitation dialog.

Version 2.40

4th October 2019

The new version adds full macOS 10.15 Catalina compatibility.

Version 2.39

3rd December 2018

The new version fixes a problem affecting operation with 10.14 Mojave Dark Mode.

Version 2.38

27th November 2018

The new version fixes a minor bug where the absence of EXIF meta-data was not handled correctly.

Version 2.37

Big Mean Folder Machine 2 41 Mm =

21st February 2018

The new version adds support for HEIC and HEIF image files.

Version 2.36

28th June 2017

This is a minor maintenance release.

Version 2.35

16th January 2017

This release fixes a minor bud on macOS 10.12 Sierra.

Version 2.34

2nd February 2016

This release fixes a software update vulnerability in the Sparkle framework that was exposed on the 29th of January.

Version 2.33

26th January 2016

This release features some minor bug fixes and improved mailing list sign-up.

Version 2.32

18th November 2015

This release modernizes the code base for Mac OS X 10.11 El Capitan.

Version 2.31

26th March 2015

This release improves the installation experience.

Version 2.30

14th January 2015

This release fixes an OS X drawing bug that could cause the window background to appear empty.

Version 2.29

4th February 2014

This release fixes moves to the new Automatic Reference Counting memory architecture.

Version 2.28

20th August 2013

This release fixes a bug in the batch folder naming algorithm.

Version 2.27

18th June 2013

This release makes it easier to join our new opt-in mailing list.

Version 2.26

24th August 2012

This is the first Mac OS X 10.7 Lion or later only release of the product.

It features an improved integration with the Mac App Store version of the tool.

Version 2.25

11th July 2012

The new version fixes a Mountain Lion-related problem.

Version 2.24

5th July 2012

The new version adopts Apple's Developer ID identification in preparation for Mac OS X 10.7 Mountain Lion.

Unfortunately, this makes it impossible to preserve the droplet feature and this version thus removes this feature. Existing droplets should continue to work correctly.

Version 2.23

17th January 2012

The new version can now be used in the Mac OS X 10.7 full screen mode.

Version 2.22

6th December 2011

This release fixes a bug in the id3 tag reading engine.

Version 2.21

9th November 2011

This release fixes a conflict resolution bug.

Version 2.20

14th September 2011

This release adds support for reading meta-data in flac, ogg and aiff sound files.

Version 2.19

10th August 2011

This release addresses a sorting and an mp3 tag reading issue.

Version 2.18

5th July 2011

This release features a brand new ID3 tag engine for reading the embedded song, artist and album information of your music files. The new engine is up to ten times faster. More improvements to supported formats and tags are coming soon.

Version 2.17

4th May 2011

This release adds the option of creating batch folders of specific size or number of files while preserving the existing folder hierarchy

This is particularly useful when splitting up existing folder hierarchies for backup.

Version 2.16

24th February 2011

This release fixes a problem affecting music file processing.

Version 2.15

22nd February 2011

This is the first Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard and Intel CPU-only release of 'The Big Mean Folder Machine'.

The internals of the tool have been throughly modernized in anticipation of the migration to XCode 4 and the upcoming Mac OS X 10.7 Leopard developments.

Version 2.14

18th February 2011

Now that 'The Big Mean Folder Machine' has been accepted into the Mac App Store, this new version makes it easier for customers to download the trial and buy from the Mac App Store.

It also warns customers that the Mac App Store currently lacks the droplet feature as it fell foul of Apple's Mac App Store Guidelines.

A Mac App Store version with droplet support is under development.

This is also probably going to be the last Mac OS 10.5 Leopard compatible release.

We usually support the current version of Mac OS X and one previous version to allow customers plenty of time to upgrade.

Apple has, however, made a number of moves in the last few weeks that make it harder than ever to maintain backwards compatibility. The Mac App Store requires that code be targeted to Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard and Apple's XCode 4 development tools that have gone to Gold Master last week have dropped the Mac OS X 10.5 SDK and PowerPC support entirely.

In other words, the time has come to get ready for Mac OS X 10.7 Lion and drop Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard compatibility a few months early.

Obviously, the current, 2.13 release will remain on the website indefinitely and we've made sure that the auto-update feature won't overwrite your current version with an incompatible Mac OS X 10.6-only version by mistake.

Version 2.13

16th February 2011

This new version allows you to switch off the debugging information being written to the system console.

Internally, a lot has changed in preparation for submitting the product the Mac App Store.

Version 2.12

17th January 2011

The new version fixes a startup problem introduced in version 2.11.

Version 2.11

12th January 2011

The new version fixes a minor problem with the way in which settings are saved to droplets.

Version 2.10

16th November 2010

The new version improves performance and memory management.

Version 2.09

19th October 2010

The new version adds the ability to split folder hierarchies based on file creator and type codes.

Version 2.08

30th June 2010

The new version delivers improved handling of missing EXIF information when creating folder hierarchies.

Version 2.07

18th May 2010

The new version delivers improved handling of missing EXIF information during the batch folder creation stage.

Version 2.06

20th January 2010

The new version adds a 4th hierarchy level, as well as making significant backend improvements.

Version 2.05

9th December 2009

Droplets can now be safely auto-updated to the latest version of the program via the software update mechanism.

Version 2.04

24th November 2009

This new release now correctly calculates the physical (size on disk) and logical (actual number of bytes) sizes of bundle files.

Version 2.03

21st October 2009

This release contains significant improvements to the handling of unlock codes and should make unlocking the product significantly less error prone.

Version 2.02

12th October 2009

Allows the program to be run more easily for users who do not have administrator privileges.

Version 2.01

9th September 2009

Fixes a crash on Snow Leopard when reading mp3 tags.

Version 2.0

22nd July 2009

Version 2.0 is the first major upgrade to 'The Big Mean Folder Machine'.

It features:

• a reworked user interface that integrates all operations inside of the new resizable assistant-style window
• better file name conflict resolution that allows to you determine in which order file distinguishers (e.g. '(a)', '(b)', ..) are applied
• performance optimizations
• automatic software updates courtesy of the Sparkle framework
• lots of under the hood improvements
• some spit and polish here and there
• minor bug fixes

Best of all, version 2.0 is a free upgrade to all version 1.x owners.

Version 2.0b3

1st July 2009

The new version fixes a number of minor issues, including the auto-update feature which was broken in the first (two?) beta(s).

Version 2.0 is a free upgrade to all version 1.x owners.

Version 2.0b2

24th June 2009

This new beta fixes a number of minor issues.

Version 2.0b1

17th June 2009

This is the first public beta of 'The Big Mean Folder Machine' 2.0.

Version 2.0 is a free upgrade to all version 1.x owners.

Most of the changes for this release are under the hood, but there are a few user-visible changes:

• new re-sizable assistant window interface
• faster are more sophisticated file name conflict resolution with advanced sorting
• improved performance
• new droplet implementaiton
• new auto-update feature courtesy of Andy Matuschak's Sparkle framework

Version 1.6.9

8th April 2009

This new version makes important speed gains and improves conflict resolution and memory management.

Version 1.6.8

25th March 2009

Fixes the merge feature which became broken in 1.6.7.

Version 1.6.7

25th March 2009

The new version improves the performance of reading EXIF digital camera meta-data and fixes the problem that lead to version 1.6.6 being pulled.

Version 1.6.6

11th March 2009 - Pulled!

This release was pulled because it appears to be affected by a bug in Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard. The new 'Preserve original case wherever possible' option works correctly, but under some circumstances produces an incorrect preview and reports non-existant errors which can be confusing. A bug report is being filed with Apple (update workaround found!).

The new version now allows the folders in newly created folder hierarchies to preserve the case of the original names that it contains.

Beyond the user-visible changes there are many internal changes to further improve the performance and reliability of the processing engine.

Version 1.6.5

24th February 2009

The new version delivers significant performance gains throughout. In typical scenarios the conflict resolution step is now up to ten times faster making for a much zippier experience.

Version 1.6.4

11th February 2009

The new release becomes a 64-bit garbage collected application on all 64-bit systems. This should allow for improved scalability and reliability when dealing with very large processing jobs.

Version 1.6.3

3rd February 2009

This new release significantly speeds up hierarchy creation and reduces the memory footprint of the application.

Version 1.6.2

8th January 2009

Fixes a bug affecting the 'split into hierarchies' feature introduced in 1.6.

Version 1.6.1

7th January 2009

This is the first official Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard-only release of this title.

This product right from the start used operating system features first introduced in Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger and then refined in Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard. As development went on, we hit many limitations of the Tiger implementation of those features that prevented us from delivering the rapid pace of improvements that we were targeting.

In recent releases, a disproportional amount of effort went into maintaining backwards compatibility with Tiger and we've come to the conclusion that this time and energy would have been better spent moving the product forward at an increased pace.

This first Leopard-only release contains only nuts & bolts changes that ready the product for more Leopard-only developments.

Version 1.6

Big Mean Folder Machine 2

19th November 2008

The new version now remembers your settings between different sessions and allows you to create 'droplet' mini-applications that store frequently used settings and allow you to re-apply them to the content of new source folders via simple drag & drop.

Version 1.6 beta 1

17th November 2008

Adds support for creating self-contained droplet mini-applications that can be used to store and re-apply frequently used settings via simple drag & drop.

Version 1.5.1

27th October 2008

Small fix for the MP3/AAC support.

Version 1.5

22nd October 2008

The new version adds the ability to make the creation of deeper hierarchy levels dependent on the number of files on each level.

It also restores MP3/AAC support for the splitting feature.

Version 1.5 beta 2

17th October 2008

This beta restores MP3/AAC support for the splitting feature and fixes a few bugs in the first beta.

Version 1.5 beta 1

8th October 2008

This beta adds the ability of making the creation of deeper hierarchy levels dependent on the number of files per level.

It is released as a beta because it makes significant internal changes and there is thus potential for new bugs to have crept in. we have tested the new version extensively but if you notice anything please let us know at reiff@publicspace.net so that we can fix it before the version goes 'final'.

Version 1.4.5

23rd September 2008

The new version adds:

• new options for batch folder creation
• new sentence and proper case options for folder hierarchy creation

Version 1.4.1

28th February 2008

Restores 10.4 compatibility.

Version 1.4

27th February 2008

Adds support for using id3 tags in mp3, m4a, m4b and m4p iTunes Music Store music files to split music collections by album, artist, etc.

Version 1.3.5

30th January 2008

Improved performance, stability and scalability.

Version 1.3.1

10th January 2008

This releases fixes Tiger compatibility which was broken by version 1.3.

Version 1.3

9th January 2008

The new version now allows files to be moved as well as copied, thus greatly speeding up large batch jobs. This release broke Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger Compatibility and only worked correctly under Leopard.

Version 1.2.1

12th December 2007

This update fixes two problems:

• invisible files were previously copied if the 'subfolders' checkbox was unticked
• copying files containing forward slashes in their name would cause errors and not be copied

Big Mean Folder Machine 2 41 Mm Socket

Version 1.2

29th November 2007

This new release focuses on stability, performance and scalability

• fixed a multi-threading bug that could crash the application on Leopard
• significantly reduced memory foot print of the processing engine, so that it can now safely handle hundreds of thousands of files
• optimized some slower operations using Leopard-only features
• remains both Leopard and Tiger compatible

Version 1.1

14th November 2007

Cara game psp 3000 gratis pc. This release addresses issues that were raised after the 1.0 release:

Big Mean Folder Machine 2 41 Mm Equals

• the program now remains open after the end of a run
• the conflict resolution description has been clarified
• the case settings for custom hierarchy splitting schemes are now honored
• the program now provides a better warning that it operates in trial mode

Version 1.0

10th October 2007

This is the first full release of this software.

Version 1.0 Beta 3

12th September 2007

The third beta significantly expands the 'Split Files into Folder Hierarchies' feature, by allowing you to define your own splitting criteria, based on the names or the time and date attributes of your files or digital photos.

Version 1.0 Beta 2

14th August 2007

After our initial product name 'Big Bang' seemed to already be taken, the icon and artwork for the renamed 'Big Mean Folder Machine' is now ready. We hope you'll enjoy it!

Version 1.0 Beta 1

20th June 2007

This is the very first public release of this product.

Ifunia Media Player 2 4 1 Download Free

iFunia Media Player is video and audio player let you watch movies, play videos and listen music with high definition. It will play almost any video and audio files you throw into it like AVI, MKV, FLV, MP4, F4V, DAT, MOV, MP3, WMA, M4A, 5K/1080p/720p HD videos and more. Just playing your media files fluently no need with additional codecs or plugins.

1. Ifunia Media Player 2 4 1 download free. full

Key Features:

PLAYit Android latest 2.4.1.31 APK Download and Install. Video player & music player all formats supported to play all media files. Windows Media Player 12 is the default media player available for Windows 10, Windows 8 and Windows 7. Version 12 has been enriched with additional features from the previous versions including a simplified interface and an improved play mode. Windows Media Player also allows users to watch movies and listen to audio recordings. Media Player Classic Home Cinema is a free utility that provides video playback. Since there are a lot of video players on the market, this is a tough area for apps to really stand out from the.

Harcourt social studies study guide. 1. The universal media player help you playback almost all media formats. Just drop your video and music files to it, iFunia Media Player will playback them clear and smoothly without extra plug-ins or codec packages.

2. Play all HD videos and 5K videos fluently!

3. Play videos and audios with full-screen mode or the window size that you like.

4. Intelligently save the playback progress, just start watching videos from the position you stopped quickly.

5. Automatically save playback history as playlist for you to manage easy & fast.

6. Control the media playing with ease, including playing-back, pause, stop, fast-forward, and rewind. All the operation could control by shortcut keys that you set.

7. Intelligently detect the encoding of the local subtitles, or you could import the subtitles by hand.

8. Quick image capture lets you save favorite frames breezily.

9. Support audio stream and sound track switch.

10. De-interlace settings supported.

11. Provides the detailed information about video.

Convert videos to your needed video format and portable device with Optional In-app Purchase:

* Convert the videos to other media formats with one click: MP4, M4V, MKV, MOV, AVI, M4A, MP3.

* Convert the videos to your portable devices and watch movies anywhere anytime.

* You could edit the media information for the output video file quick and easy including general media info and metadata.

Supported media files:

Video File: wmv, avi, asf, rm, rmvb, 3gp, 3g2, mpg, mpeg, m2v, mpa, dat, mp4, ts, m2t, t2, mov, qt, m4v, m2ts, mts, flv, f4v, mkv, dv, dif, dvr, xwmv, amv, mpv, nsv, au, mjpg, mjpeg, nut, h261, h263, h264, yuv, divx, mod, tod, vro, dpg

Audio File: mp3, mp2, wma, wav, ogg, aac, ac3, m4a, mka, aiff, ape, flac

and much more …

Compatibility: macOS 10.10 or later 64 bit

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Audio & Multimedia / Audio File Players iFunia Media Player for Mac 2.4.1 Download Links: Click the link below to download iFunia Media Player for Mac Short details of iFunia Media Player for Mac: iFunia Media Player for Mac is the best free HD media player to moothly play video and media files on Mac. It supports almost any media files(Including HD 1080P, 4K, and 3D videos) with no additional codecs and plugins needed. You can convert any video and audio files to MP3, MP4, AVI, MKV,.. iFunia Media Player for Mac related software Title / Version / Description Size License Price Aiseesoft Free media Player 1.0.6 41.0 MB Freeware If you want to watch 4K/HD video on your computer, this free video player will be your best choice. It supports both the SD video, HD video and 4K video resolution. Are you looking for a player that would handles different types of music and video format? Try this free awesome player! You will never disappointed with its wonderful ability. This app can play both video and audio well. The quality is fantastic. Key Features 1. Play.. Aiseesoft Free MKV Player for Mac 1.0.6 44.9 MB Freeware Are you looking for a best MKV player on Mac? Try this Aiseesoft Free MKV Player for Mac! With this free video player program, you can enjoy HD, 4K and 3D MKV files on Mac. And most other video (MP4, MOV, WMV, AVI and so on.) and audio formats (MOV, M4V, AVI, WMV, etc.) are supported. Besides, you can adjust the video/audio effect such as set video displaying size and adjust the audio track, etc. when playing video/audio files. Key.. FileFort Free Backup Software for Mac 3.32 1.1 MB Freeware Use FileFort Free Backup Software for Mac set up scheduled file backups with FileFort free Mac back up software. FileFort provides an easy and automatic file backup program to protect the data on your Mac. Save backed up files to virtually any storage media including CD, DVD, USB drives, FTP servers, or online accounts like dropbox for peace of mind that your data is safe and secure. FileFort gives you complete control over your backups. You.. SGS VideoPlayer Free Windows player 2.1.0 21.9 MB Freeware SGS VideoPlayer is an easy to use and powerful video Windows player for playing movie files. SGS VideoPlayer is a totally free software. It was created to be a convenience, portable and robust video player that comes with video pack codec (K-Lite Mega Codec Pack Full) for a wide variety of media playbacks. This video player is available for Windows OS. It is based on 'DirectShow' - multimedia framework and API produced by Microsoft for.. MediaProLab Free Video Player 1.0.726 12.5 MB Freeware Free Video Player is a powerful and easy-to-use media player that supports all popular video and audio formats, including AVI, MKV, WMV, DVD, Blu-ray, MP4, and many others. Opens quickly even huge files, which is important for an MKV player, and allows searching for interesting fragments conveniently, without significant delays. Provides outstanding picture quality for each supported format. Can play ISO disc images directly. Supports DVD.. Aolor Free MP3 Converter for Mac 1.0.0 10.3 MB Freeware Aolor Free MP3 Converter for Mac, is a totally free MP3 converter. It's the combination of free audio to MP3 converter and free video to MP3 converter. With this MP3 converter freeware, you can convert almost any audio or video formats, to the most popular and most widely used audio format MP3, which is supported by almost all computers, cellphones, tablets and media players. This most important is that this free Mac MP3 converter is.. Aiseesoft Free MKV Player 1.0.12 41.0 MB Freeware Aiseesoft Free MKV Player can allow you to enjoy MKV video files with lossless quality. Apart from that, it enables you to play 4K videos and HD videos, including 1080P/1080i/720P videos and more, and most of the 4K/HD video formats are high supported, such as MP4, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, H.265/HEVC, TS, MKV, AVI, MOV, FLV and WebM. Moreover, it enables you to choose your needed video track and audio track. Furthermore, this powerful Media Player is.. MacX Free iTunes Ripper for Mac 4.1.7 36.3 MB Freeware MacX Free iTunes Ripper for Mac is the best free iTunes DVD ripper designed for Mac users to free rip and convert any DVD to iTunes, iPhone and iPod with remarkable quality on Mac OS X Tiger/Leopard/Snow Leopard/Lion/Mountain Lion. It can easily remove the DVD encryption measure, letting you make perfect backup of your beloved DVD movies. Moreover, Moreover, this free Mac iTunes ripper also provides you with the easiest way to edit the video.. MacX Free iPod Ripper for Mac 4.1.9 36.2 MB Freeware MacX Free iPod Ripper for Mac is a surprisingly full-featured yet completely free Mac DVD to iPod ripper which works perfectly to free convert any DVD to iPod, iTunes, MP3 files on Mac OS with high speed and top quality. This free iPod ripper allows you to remove various DVD copy protections like Sony ARccOS, region protection, CSS encryption as well as trim or split a DVD title or chapter before ripping or capture DVD images amongst many.. MacX Free iPad Ripper for Mac 4.2.0 36.3 MB Freeware MacX Free iPad Ripper for Mac is the best free Mac iPad ripper which can help Mac users to free rip DVD including any copy protected DVD movies to iPad 2, iPad 3, iPad Mini, iPad Pro, DVD to iPhone video and audio formats for playback without any difficulty. Moreover, this free DVD to iPad ripper Mac also enables users to extract audio from DVD as iPhone ringtone or take snapshot you favor as wallpaper for iPad. Equipped with handy features,.. New downloads of Audio & Multimedia, Audio File Players Title / Version / Description Size License Price Pulse Master 6.8 5.8 MB Demo $29.9 Pulse Master is audio player-tool which supports most of the common audio formats and it is capable to : - Speed up or slow down the music tempo without affecting the music key (pitch) - Change the music key (pitch) without affecting the tempo - Change the music 'speed' as if vinyl records were played at higher or lower rates than intended - Export modified audio to new file (6 audio formats supported) Someone could ask about purpose.. Radio Master 1.91 1.8 MB Free Program for playing and recording radio channels. Main features: - radio stations (over 2800) - record radio in mp3, ogg, wav formats - add radio station to favorites - history (10 last channels) - balance control - peaks meter - skins support JRiver Media Center 26.0.69 37.8 MB Shareware $59.98 High quality media solution for large libraries. Organize, play, tag all types of media files. Rip, Burn, serve to Xbox, PS3, UPnP, DLNA, TiVo. Audiophile quality, DSD, madVR, Ten foot mode, remote control, HD TV recording in real time. Customizable media views. 3D views. Supports iPods, cameras, 90+ media file formats. Integration with Facebook, Flickr, Audible, Amazon MP3, Google, Youtube, Wikipedia, Hulu, Last.FM, Twitter. Cover art.. Express Scribe Pro for Mac 9.01 2.2 MB Shareware $59.99 Express Scribe is audio transcription player for typists using Mac OS X. This transcription player features variable speed playback, foot pedal control, speech to text engine integration and can automatically load audio files from email, FTP or network. Audio format support includes dss, dct, wav, mp3, aif and many more. You can also dock traditional hand held recorders and transfer the audio as well and importing audio from CD. Express.. AnyMP4 Blu-ray Player 6.3.28 42.9 MB Shareware $29.25 AnyMP4 Blu-ray Player allows you to play Blu-ray disc, Blu-ray folder and Blu-ray ISO image files. Besides, it can also play 4K videos and 1080p HD videos. Moreover, this video player can help you play any video formats such as MP4, MKV, AVI, WMV, MOV, M4V and so on. And you can choose the most suitable subtitle and audio according to your Blu-ray disc. Key Functions: 1. Play Blu-ray disc, Blu-ray folder and Blu-ray ISO image file.. Latest Reviews SoftPerfect RAM Disk (Sean) - Jul 8, 2020 Superb disk utility for speeding up laptops and prolonging the life of their hdd. StarCode Lite POS and Inventory Manager (Ed Martin) - Jan 21, 2019 I would say best inventory software for small shops or stores. Never found an app like this before. Thanks Download32 ConyEdit for Windows (reshim) - Dec 3, 2018 Programmers feel the comfort of coding using ConyEdit which is capable to edit codes in batch mode and supports most of programming language. Disc Cover Studio (harish) - Dec 19, 2017 No need to go for a professional designer for the cover of new record, you can do it on your own sitting at home PC adding your own image on it with the Disc Cover Studio. Kaspersky Security Scanner (Anthony) - Oct 12, 2017 Scans software to find whether it is harmful for computer and also checks for updates of security patches. Comodo Firewall (Maxmuller) - Sep 19, 2017 This just another awesome product from Comodo to protect your computer from unwanted inbound or outbound traffic, also helps you analyze data packets. TCP Splitter (Redrick) - Aug 10, 2017 This lets the data packets we send split into several packages which is convenient for many applications to receive those and process one after another. Project Viewer Lite (Tensialar) - Jul 19, 2017 This is a light weight software for viewing MS project files easily without the MS project installed, all the personal who are involved in the project can view this with graphics and charts. PDF Shaper Professional (Mortinus) - Jun 7, 2017 I had difficulties with the pdf documents which needed to be edited before presentation, then I got PDF Shaper which helped me to take the texts / images out and insert my own texts plus other images. Hotelare (Nielsine) - May 15, 2017 You can enable your guests book any room instantly through your website, also receive the payments, other sections of your hotel can be also handled using the this software like restaurants, accounts, hr etc.

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Jul 12,2019 • Filed to: Download Music • Proven solutions

Given the privacy protection and digital rights management system, it has become impossible to download music for free. The only solution that a user receives is purchasing music officially. However, a few applications allow downloading music to Windows Media player without charging a single dime. Let as we look into the matter more deeply.

Dj java decompiler. DJ Java Decompiler is Windows decompiler and disassembler for Java that reconstructs the original source code from the compiled binary CLASS files (for example Java applets). DJ Java Decompiler is a Windows decompiler and disassembler for Java that reconstructs the original source code from the compiled binary CLASS files (for example Java applets). It is able to decompile complex Java applets and binaries, producing accurate source code.

Part 1: Where to Download Music to Windows Media Player

The following is the list of top 10 websites or channels that will give you the ability to download music to Windows Media Player.

Audio Archive is one of the best sites to download songs to Windows Media player. It contains thousands of songs, old-time radio shows, poetry readings, original music uploaded by users, concerts, and more. Interestingly, the website also offers some collection of different items related to community audio, audiobooks and poetry, computers and technology, music and arts, music archive, news and public affairs, radio programs, English audio, spirituality, and religion.

On this website, users have the possibility to download thousands of songs to their Windows media player without paying a single cent. It has an extensive collection of over 135800 MP3s and 900000+ lyrics. It even holds charts of newly released songs relate to different countries such as Denmark, Europe, Finland, Japan, Sweden, Canada, etc. and top 20 world songs.

Cs5 master collection free mac software. It is yet another website that gives the opportunity to download songs, MP3s, audios, and albums for free to Windows media player. It even holds music charts of different categories and different countries.

It is an awesome website because of the collection of the MP3s it holds in its database. Due to this, users have the possibility to download free music to Windows media player and listen to the songs at their convenience. It has all the latest songs from different parts of the globe.

It is a unique website to download songs, as it provides the visitor the possibility to edit the site contents. Due to this, users gain the possibility to upload and add songs to the existing database. The website providers also ensure that all the broken links are working and replace with new ones promptly.

It is another amazing site through which you can download all your favorite songs to Windows Media player. Apart from the older collection, you will also find over hundreds of the latest songs by all the leading artists from different parts of the globe.

Songspk.name is an excellent website to download free songs belonging to the Indian subcontinent. The website holds single tracks, movie tracks, Indian pop songs, compilations, and revival songs. You can also search for English songs on this website using an artist’s name.

If you are in search for personalized recommendations and English songs, last.fm is the website. You can discover all the latest songs from all the leading artists apart from retro collections. The collection has classic rock, instrumental, pop, and much more.

The website, songslover.pk, is a fantastic site where you can download all the latest songs and MP3s. Apart from audio songs, you also have the possibility to download video songs. It also gives you the glimpse of the upcoming albums belonging to different artists.

Jamendo is a fabulous website where you can download free songs in MP3 and OGG format for free. In addition to the database, it even holds the information of singer and news related to the artist.

Part 2: The Best Software to Download Music to Windows Media Player – via iMusic

Music is the best medicine through which you can relieve stress. If you are rummaging for websites that give you a free download, then you will be wasting plenty of time. However, with the help of iMusic, you can quickly download all your favorite music from over 3000+ websites that also include YouTube, Facebook, Vimeo, and other leading media sites.

iMusic -Download Music to Windows Media Player from Youtube Easily

• Download MP3 Music from over 3,000 music sites Such YouTube, DailyMotion, Spotify, Pandora, Vevo, Vimeo, BBC, Last FM and much more.
• Record music files that are of high quality and this software will automatically insert ID3 tags to the recordings.
• Manage and transfer music files between your iOS device, Android device to iTunes Library.
• Fix your iTunes library by cleaning dead songs and repairing broken songs.
• Create your car playlist by transferring iTunes playlist to USB drive.
• Burn music to CD to store your wanted songs forever.
• Edit ID3 like artist name, song title, year and genre automatically.

An interesting part of the application is its ability to provide the user with the built-in library through which they can discover music and download freely. Incredimail 2.5. The library has most famous artists, hottest playlists, and genres. Apart from listening to music, the application is an all in one music manager that gives you the chance to download songs to Windows Media Player with ease.

Step-by-Step Guide for How to Download Music for Windows Media Player from iMusic Built-in Music Library

Step 1: Install iMusic trial version for Windows. Launch the software, and choose “Get Music” option from the menu bar. In the same window, click Discover button.

Step 2: You can discover songs according to Genres, Artists, Playlists, and Top lists. You can click the provided options as shown in the window below to search for your favorite song and download the same.

Step 3: You have the chance to opt for the search box provided within the product window to find a song or artist directly. In the product window, you can select the output as MP3 and press the download button to save it to your computer.

Step-by-Step Guide for How to Download Music for Windows Media Player from iMusic

Step 1: From the main product window off iMusic, click Download button as shown in the figure below.

Ifunia Media Player 2 4 1 download free. full

Step 2: As you can see, the application provides a direct link to the most prominent websites from within the software. You can click the particular internet site, or open the site in a browser, search for your favorite song, copy the link, and paste it in the box provided within the product window. You can then choose MP3 as the option and press the download button.

Step-by-Step Guide for How to Record Music from Radio Stations for Windows Media Player via iMusic

Step 1: If you are unable to find a song that you can download to your computer but have found a website that streams it online, then you have the opportunity to record the same and save it as MP3. From the main product window of iMusic, choose “Record” option.

Step 2: Click the record button. Open the website, and begin to play the song. The application will detect it automatically and record. During this process, it will look for the album cover and artist information and add them to the song in the background.

Step 3: After downloading and recording songs using iMusic, you will find them in the library section that you can access from the main product window. From the list, you can choose the songs that you wish to add them to your Windows media player playlist. Additionally, you can also transfer them to any external device.

Canvas Draw 6 0 25

• HTML5 Tutorial

Technical Illustration software from Canvas GFX. Visualize complex ideas and designs with precision & clarity. Trusted by leading brands. Canvas Draw 5 services the creation of mechanical documentation, including assembly, maintenance, and repair instructions. Rapidly illustrate complicated procedures, processes, and workflows with the convenient application of built-in templates and over 2000 symbols. Tool Download: Canvas-Draw: Tool Name: Canvas-Draw. Tool Version: 6.0.1 Tool Type: Shareware Tool Cost In: 249 US$ Tool Target Platform: OS X Tool OS Support: Mac OS X, Limitations: No Limitations. Stops working after 30 days. Gecko 9.0 (Firefox 9.0 / Thunderbird 9.0 / SeaMonkey 2.6) now correctly supports CORS for drawing images across domains without tainting the canvas. Gecko 11.0 (Firefox 11.0 / Thunderbird 11.0 / SeaMonkey 2.8) now allows SVG-as-an-image to be drawn into a canvas without tainting the canvas.

• HTML5 Demo

• HTML5 Tools

• HTML5 Useful References

• HTML5 Tag Reference

• HTML5 Resources

• Selected Reading

Line Methods

We require the following methods to draw lines on the canvas −

Sr.No.	Method and Description
1	beginPath() This method resets the current path.
2	moveTo(x, y) This method creates a new subpath with the given point.
3	closePath() Diskcryptor for mac. This method marks the current subpath as closed, and starts a new subpath with a point the same as the start and end of the newly closed subpath.
4	fill() This method fills the subpaths with the current fill style.
5	stroke() This method strokes the subpaths with the current stroke style.
6	lineTo(x, y) This method adds the given point to the current subpath, connected to the previous one by a straight line.

Example

Following is a simple example which makes use of the above-mentioned methods to draw a triangle.

The above example would draw following shape −

Line Properties

There are several properties which allow us to style lines.

S.No.	Property and Description
1	lineWidth [ = value ] This property returns the current line width and can be set, to change the line width.
2	lineCap [ = value ] This property returns the current line cap style and can be set, to change the line cap style. The possible line cap styles are butt, round, and square Adobe premiere pro cc keygen mac.
3	lineJoin [ = value ] This property returns the current line join style and can be set, to change the line join style. The possible line join styles are bevel, round, andmiter.
4	miterLimit [ = value ] This property returns the current miter limit ratio and can be set, to change the miter limit ratio.

Example

Following is a simple example which makes use of lineWidth property to draw lines of different width.

Canvas Draw 6 0 250

The above example would draw following shape −

ACD Systems International Inc. – Shareware – Mac

Canvas Draw for Mac: Your universal graphics tool. Brand new for the Mac platform, Canvas Draw for Mac is a powerful software specifically designed to make it possible for small business owners, designers, illustrators, and professionals to advertise and communicate with confidence.
Features Overview:
Catering to business professionals and creatives alike, Canvas Draw for Mac's impressive and comprehensive set of vector object illustration and advanced raster image editing tools, along with its unique and integrated design environment, make it easy to conquer your project. Work with and combine all graphical elements and apply high-end effects in a single document.
Complete Versatility
Canvas Draw comes loaded with tools and techniques that allow you to easily create marketing or business materials, as well as creative content, printable drawings, and shareable PDFs. Put Canvas Draw to work designing brochures, collages, business cards, school projects, cover pages, handouts, printable advertisements, reports, graphs, metrics, web content, mock-ups, layouts, logos, scale drawings, floor plans, architectural designs, and other drawings best served with measured precision, placement, and the ability to combine text, images, and objects.

Overview

Canvas Draw is a Shareware software in the category Graphics Applications developed by ACD Systems International Inc.

The latest version of Canvas Draw is 6.0.3, released on 02/13/2020. It was initially added to our database on 08/20/2015.

Canvas Draw runs on the following operating systems: Mac.

Canvas Draw has not been rated by our users yet.

Write a review for Canvas Draw!

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Snagit 4 1 9 – Screen Capture Utility Mac

Get the ultimate screen capture and video recording on Windows and Mac. Snagit is simple, powerful software to capture images and record videos of your computer screen. The screenshot utility is slim and easy to use. You can invoke an area or full-screen capture from the keyboard, and you’ll have access to the annotation tools as soon as the capture it taken. When you’re happy with your annotations, you can export a JPG or PNG file, or even send the app to an external editor like Photoshop. Available for sites with 500+ users. Pay a low annual price for coverage of all users. Includes priority support, customer success manager, training, and upgrades. For details contact sales. Maintenance includes upgrades to the newest version and priority support for one year. Maintenance can be.

Freeware

Windows/macOS

3.9 MB

37,315

As featured in:

Monosnap service is more than just a screenshot and video tool, cloud storage, or secure content management - it’s a simplified workflow of your team.

Features:

• Capture full screen, just part of the screen, or a selected window
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• Or save it to your local folder and copy it to clipboard

Magicka review. What's New:

• macOS version updated to 3.6.15

Software similar to Monosnap 8

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  SnagIt is the most complete screen capture utility available.

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  The easiest way to Capture Your Screen. Now supports GIF & video. Share screen captures in seconds.

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We cover the essentials in these getting started tutorials.

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Take your Snagit skills to the next level with tutorials that cover advanced capture, editing tools, and more!

More Resources

Browse online help articles, contact tech support, and download high quality stock assets.

Star wars 4k77. View help topics to learn how to use the product.

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Learn the basics with our free 'Getting Started' webinars.

Pingdom Tools Website Speed

1. Pingdom Tools
2. Pingdom Site Speed Test
3. Pingdom Tools Website Speed Test
4. Pingdom Tools Speed Test

Pingdom offers the following synthetic monitoring tools: Uptime monitoring: monitor site availability from over 100 locations worldwide; Page speed analysis: know when and why your site is slow to help you troubleshoot; Transaction monitoring: test transactions such as user logins, searches, shopping cart checkouts, and more. KeyCDN Website Speed Test. KeyCDN built a fast and lightweight Website Speed Test tool that you.

Fast website speed is everything in the online world. If you’ve optimized your website’s loading time, then no one can stop you from increasing your sales and conversion rates.

In this article, we’re going to explore the Pingdom website speed test tool, and see how you can use it to audit your website’s speed and improve its performance.

Table of Content:

What is Pingdom?

Pingdom (owned by SolarWinds) is a Swedish company that offers a multitude of services such as transaction monitoring, uptime monitoring, server monitoring, page speed monitoring, real user monitoring, etc. It is mostly known for its free website speed test tool that offers quick insight into a site’s page loading speed and how it can be improved.

You don’t need to be a speed performance expert in order to audit your site’s speed through this tool. It is quite effortless to use, and the improvement recommendations are easy to understand, even if you don’t have any technical background.

How to Conduct a Pingdom Website Speed Test

Running a speed test on Pingdom can be done in three simple steps:

1. Add your website’s URL in the box located on the tool page.
2. Select the location you want to run the test from.
3. Click on ‘Run Test‘.

Currently, Pingdom allows you to conduct tests from 7 different locations:

• Asia – Japan – Tokyo
• Europe – Germany – Frankfurt
• Europe – United Kingdom – London
• North America – USA – Washington D.C.
• North America – USA – San Fransisco
• Pacific – Australia – Sydney
• South America – Brazil – São Paulo

It is advised to choose a location closest to your target audience’s geographical location. This way, you’ll be able to understand how your site loads from the point of view of your customers.

However, if you have an audience that is spread across the globe, then you should conduct tests from each of the available locations to get a more accurate picture.

Understanding Pingdom Website Speed Test Report

1. Overall Result

Once you’ve hit the ‘Run Test’ tab, Pingdom will generate a test report after a buffer time of few seconds. The very first panel of your test report will show this:

1. Performance Grade: overall speed & performance of your website, where a score between 60-70 is graded D, 70-80 is graded C, 80-90 is graded B and so on.

2. Page Size: the weight of your entire page and its content measured in Mega Bytes.

3. Load time: Pingdom considers a website’s onload time as the page load time. Onload time is the time taken to download all the resources on your website (for example, the content and images). However, some events such as a JavaScript code are excluded.

4. Requests: this refers to the amount of HTTP requests your site needs.

2. Improve Page Performance

This next section, is the most important part of your report, as it lays down the ways in which you can improve you store’s performance. People often pay too much attention to the overall performance grade of their site. Remember that making improvements to your site is more important than getting a perfect score.

This is why your focus should always be on the improvement recommendations. Analyse them carefully to gauge where your store is lacking, and fix those issues. It’s okay if some suggestions are impractical or hard to employ for your website.

Pingdom gives 7 speed optimization suggestions for each website. These suggestions can vary from website to website, a few common ones are listed below:

• Reduce DNS Lookups
• Add Expires headers
• Make fewer HTTP requests
• Avoid URL redirects
• Use cookie-free domains
• Compress components with gzip
• Configure entity tags (ETags)
• Put JavaScript at bottom
• Avoid empty src or href

As you can see in the image, Pingdom grades how well your website is employing each speed optimization technique. You can click on the downward arrow on the right to see what each suggestion means.

For your convenience, I’ll explain some of the most common suggestions most websites get:

1. Avoid URL Redirects:

The ‘300’ class of redirects usually takes a user to a different link than the one they clicked on. Simple 301 redirects are harmless. But if you use too many redirect codes, then your site’s speed and performance will be negatively affected.

2. Add Expires Headers

Expires headers tell the browser whether it should request a specific resource from the site’s server or grab it from its own cache storage. These reduce the request load on servers, which increases your page’s load speed. Moreover, the cached information is fetched faster by browsers, further reducing a web page’s load time.

3. Use Cookie-Free Domains

When a browser asks for static content, it sends cookies along with the request. Meaning, cookie headers add up to HTTP requests. Moreover, they are of no use to servers and create unnecessary traffic. A cookie-free domain doesn’t request or serve any cookies to browsers.

You can serve all the static content (images, CSS, scripts, etc) without having the users waste bandwidth on sending cookies to the server.

4. Compress Components with GZIP

Gzip is the method used to shrink the size of text based files like HTML, CSS, JS, etc. Pingdom will issue this warning if it finds that text-based components of your page have not been compressed.

3. Response Codes

Response codes are essentially HTTP status codes, which communicate whether a particular server request has been successfully completed. They basically tell you if the resources on your website are loading without error or not.

These have been divided into five classes:

• Informational responses (100–199),
• Successful responses (200–299),
• Redirects (300–399),
• Client errors (400–499),
• Server errors (500- 599)

The 200 and 100 response codes are fine. However, any 400 or 500 response codes detected during the audit must be eliminated. This is how Pingdom shows you response codes:

The above image showcases that out of 53 HTTP requests made (one for each resource on the page), one resource failed to load and showed a ‘500’ internal server error.

4. Content & Request Breakdown

In this section, you can see a complete breakdown of content size and requests by:

4.1.Content Type

This chart depicts the portion of space taken up by each resource on your page. You can identify which content elements are taking up too much of your page’s resources, and try to optimize their size.

For example, in the above chart, images are occupying 58.09% of the webpage’s resources, which is way above the 42% images usually take. Compressing images, in this case, could definitely improve this site’s speed. Moreover, 51 requests need to be made in order to load images on this page. Removing some images could also help reduce the page’s loading time.

4.2. Domain

The breakdown of content size and requests by domain shows you the external services or scripts your website uses. For example, WordPress makes external calls to Google Analytics, Facebook, and Pinterest in the above example. These third-party requests depend on the services your website uses.

Usually, it’s recommended to keep external calls to a minimum; the lower the better. This is because loading content or code from outside parties could create certain issues like DNS lookups. delayed TLS handshakes, etc, which will further slow your website’s loading speed.

4. File Requests (Waterfall Chart)

A Waterfall chart gives you a deeper look into your site’s speed by dissecting each and every HTTP request a browser makes to your website’s server.

In order to load every asset on your webpage (content, images, HTML scripts, JavaScripts, CSS, etc), an HTTP request is made to your site’s server. This means, if the total number of ‘requests’ made for your website is 42, then there are 42 distinct assets on your web page.

Each HTTP request follows a series of steps before it is successfully completed or a ‘200 ok’ response is given. A Waterfall chart is a visual representation of the amount of time taken to complete each step, for every HTTP request.

Pingdom’s waterfall chart divides each HTTP request into the following steps:

• DNS: time taken to look up the Domain Name Server and find the IP address corresponding your site’s domain name
• SSL: the amount of time taken to complete an SSL/TLS handshake
• Connect: total time taken to establish a TCP connection
• Send: time taken by the browser to send the request data to the server
• Wait: refers to the Time To First Byte (TTFB), which is the amount of time a browser has to wait before it receives the first byte of data from the server
• Receive: time taken to download website content

Each of the above steps are denoted by different colors in the Waterfall analysis. Look for long bars of these colors on the chart.

For example, in the image above, a long blue bar indicates that the ‘connect’ time is a bit longer than it should be. Appropriate measures should be taken to identify why this is happening and resolving the issue.

Conclusion- Pingdom is for Beginners

Pingdom’s free plan is very easy-to-use and comprehend, which is why it is mostly suitable for beginners. If you have a more advanced understanding of website speed testing, then it’s better to use tools like GTmetrix, that offer more advanced features in their free plan.

Pingdom doesn’t give the option to test your website’s speed across devices (mobile, desktop, tab). Moreover, it only calculates the onload time to determine your website’s load speed. Whereas tools like Google Pagespeed Insights use more advanced metrics like contentful paint, largest contentful paint, speed index, etc to test your site’s performance.

The area where Pingdom really shines is its paid plan, which offers advanced features like:

• Visitor Insights
• Uptime Monitoring
• Advanced Pagespeed Insights
• Transaction reports

So, if you’re just starting out and want to get a basic understanding of your site’s speed, then Pingdom is the perfect tool for you.

If you have any queries or feedback, do mention in the comments below!

Read Next: Advantages of SSD over HDD: A Detailed Comparison

Divya loves writing and is passionate about marketing. When not trying to hone her skills, you’ll find her either reading or binging on TV shows.

Updated on March 4, 2019

The speed of a website can be a critical factor to its success. As discussed in our content delivery network guide, faster loading websites can benefit from higher SEO rankings, higher conversion rates, lower bounce rates, longer visitor duration on site, better overall user experience, and engagement. That is why it is important to take advantage of the many free website speed test tools available out there so you can achieve optimal performance. Google wants your site to load in less than a second.

What can a website speed test help you analyze?

Here are just a few of the common ways websites speed test tools are used:

• Pinpointing scripts, fonts, and plugins causing load time issues (HTML, JavaScript, CSS)
• Checking minification of your scripts
• Finding large images resulting in bottlenecks
• Determining if you have render-blocking JavaScript or CSS
• Testing Time to First Byte (TTFB)
• Analyzing total load times, page sizes, and # of requests
• Checking performance from different geographical locations
• Checking rendering speed in different browsers
• Measuring performance of your content delivery network
• Verifying that assets are loading correctly from your CDN

Website speed concepts

Before running a website speed test it is important to understand a few concepts behind how these tools work so that you can better analyze the data and then optimize your site accordingly. Not only can you test the speed of your web host, but you can also measure your CDN performance.

Time to first byte (TTFB)

Time to first byte (TTFB) is the measurement of the responsiveness of a web server. Save data suikoden 1 mcr epsxe cheats. Basically it is the time it takes your browser to start receiving information after it has requested it from the server. By using a CDN you can dramatically reduce the impact of the load on your origin server, which in turn should help decrease your TTFB.

Read more about time to first byte and time to last byte.

Render-blocking JavaScript and CSS

Render-blocking refers to JavaScript and CSS that are keeping your page from loading as quickly as it could.

JavaScript

Google recommends removing or deferring JavaScript that interferes with loading the above the fold content of your webpages. Here is a great tutorial on how to properly defer JavaScript loading.

Example of deferring JavaScript by placing it just before your </body> tag.

CSS

You will then also want to optimize your CSS delivery to keep it from causing delays on page load. Here are a few ways to fix this:

1. Properly call your CSS files
2. Lessen the amount of CSS files
3. Use less CSS overall

Here is a great article on render-blocking CSS by Ilya Grigorik, a web performance engineer at Google.

Pingdom Tools

CSS is a render blocking resource, get it down to the client as soon and as quickly as possible to optimize the time to first render!

Minification of resources

Minification of resources means removing unnecessary characters from your HTML, JavaScript, and CSS that are not required to load, such as:

• White space characters
• New line characters
• Comments
• Block delimiters

This speeds up your load times as it reduces the amount of code that has to be requested from the server. You can use a tool like Dan's CSS and JavaScript Minify to remove all the unnecessary characters. Or if you are running WordPress you can use a plugin like Autoptimize, which will minify all of your HTML, JavaScript, and CSS for you.

HTTP requests

When your browser fetches data from a server it does so using HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). It is a request/response between a client and a host. In general the more HTTP requests your web page makes the slower it will load.

There are many ways you can reduce the number of requests such as:

• Combining your CSS and JavaScript files
• Inline your JavaScript (only if it is very small)
• Using CSS Sprites
• Reducing assets such as third party plugins that make a large number of external requests

List of website speed test tools

Now that you have a basic understanding of the web performance concepts above, check out these 15 free tools below for testing your website's speed. Each of them offers their own unique features, reporting, and different ways to dissect your results.

It is also important to realize when running tools like these that a first time DNS lookup will usually be slower. If you are comparing total load times it is sometimes better to run tests multiple times and take an average of the results.

1. KeyCDN Website Speed Test

KeyCDN built a fast and lightweight Website Speed Test tool that you can use to get detailed insights on how your website performs. If offers 14 locations to choose from around the globe, and you have the option of making your test results private or public. The test includes a waterfall breakdown and a visual website preview at the bottom. You can quickly see how many HTTP requests were made, the full size of the page requested, and the load time.

It is also one of the only tools besides PageSpeed that is responsive and works great on mobile devices.

2. Google PageSpeed Insights

Google PageSpeed Insights is a website speed test tool that grades your website on a scale of 1 - 100. The higher the number the better optimized your site is. Anything above an 85 indicates that your website is performing well. PageSpeed gives you reports for both the desktop and mobile versions of your site. You can view recommendations for improvements such as you need to minify CSS or optimize your images.

PageSpeed Insights measures how the page can improve its performance on:

• Time to above-the-fold load: Elapsed time from the moment a user requests a new page and to the moment the above-the-fold content is rendered by the browser.
• Time to full page load: Elapsed time from the moment a user requests a new page to the moment the page is fully rendered by the browser.

A mobile report includes an extra category called 'User Experience' that is included in the scoring of your site. This includes checking your viewport configuration, size of your tap targets (buttons and links), and also eligible font sizes.

The PageSpeed Insights team also recently launched a new website speed test tool on think with Google which you might want to check out. One nice feature is the beautiful reports that it generates. Can be great for sending to clients.

3. Pingdom Speed Test

Pingdom is probably one of the more well-known website speed test tools. Their reports are divided into four different sections which include a waterfall breakdown, performance grade, page analysis, and history.

The page analysis offers a great overview with additional information such as a size analysis, size per domain (you can easily compare your CDN assets size vs your domain), the number of requests per domain, and what type of content had the most requests.

Pingdom's speed test tool also allows you to test your website's speed from four main locations including:

• Dallas, Texas, USA,
• Melbourne, Australia
• San Jose, California, USA
• Stockholm, Sweden

The results of a Pingdom speed test provide you with performance insights, similar to Google PagesSpeed Insights, which outline where can you make improvements. The results also break down the page size by content type, page size by domain, requests by content type, and requests by domain.

4. GTmetrix

GTmetrix goes into great detail as it checks both PageSpeed and YSlow metrics, assigning your site a grade from F to A. It's reports are divided into five different sections including PageSpeed, YSlow, waterfall breakdown, video, and history.

With a free registration, you can test from seven different locations. They also let you choose the browser, Chrome vs Firefox. You can test and compare website performance against various connection types (like Cable vs dial-up) to see how it affects your page loads. Other advanced features include a video playback to analyze where your bottleneck is occurring and also the ability to run Adblock plus. With ads disabled you can see how they affect the loading of your site. It is recommended to make a free account as you will get additional options, such as those mentioned above.

5. WebPageTest

WebPageTest is very similar to some of the previous tools mentioned but has over 40 locations to choose from and over 25 browsers (including mobile). It assigns you a grade from F to A based on different performance tests such as FTTB, compression, caching, effective use of a CDN, etc. It's report is divided into six sections which include a summary, details, performance review, content breakdown, and screenshots.

It also offers a unique approach on the test. It runs what they call a first view and a repeat view. This helps to diagnose what may be a first time DNS lookup delay as mentioned earlier. WebPageTest has more advanced features as well such as video capture, disabling JavaScript, ignoring SSL certificates, and spoofing user agent strings.

6. Varvy PageSpeed Optimization

Varvy PageSpeed Optimization is a tool developed and maintained by Patrick Sexton, who also created GetListed.org, which is now known as Moz Local.

The reports are broken into 5 different sections including a resource diagram, CSS delivery, JavaScript usage, page speed issues found, and services used. This tool uses more of a graphical representation of what could be fixed on your site, such as render blocking.

Patrick does a great job of also including documentation on how to further optimize your site with tutorials on critical render path, leveraging browser caching, defer loading JavaScript, and much more.

7. Uptrends

Uptrends is pretty basic but they do offer over 35 locations to choose from when running your speed test. Their report is broken up into two sections, a waterfall breakdown and domain groups. The domain groups offers a unique perspective as it categorizes the resources into different sources: 1st party, statistics, CDN, social, ads, first party overall, and third party overall.

8. dotcom-monitor

dotcom-monitor offers 23 different locations and seven different browsers in which you can run your website speed test. Their unique feature is that you can run all geographical tests simultaneously. This can save you a lot of time, as every other tool you have to run them individually per location. You can then click into each individual report and or waterfall breakdown.

Their reports are divided into five different sections which include a summary, performance, waterfall chart (breakdown), host, and errors.

9. PageScoring

PageScoring is all about offering a simple and easy to understand performance report with a minimalist design. They show your overall load time and then the following pieces of information:

• Domain lookups
• Connection Time
• Redirection Time
• Page Size
• Download Time

You can then see your assets and how long it took for each to load. If you are looking for a quick and easy website speed test tool, this works pretty good.

10. Yellow Lab Tools

Yellow Lab Tools is a newer web performance and frontend quality testing tool developed by Gaël Métais. This tool gives you a lot of information and some unique features not seen in other tools such as a view of when JavaScript interactions with the DOM during the loading of the page and other code validation issues. Get a global score based on the following qualifiers.

• Page weight
• Requests
• DOM
• Bad JavaScript
• Bad CSS
• Server Config

The JavaScript timeline shows you exactly how the DOM interacts during the loading of the page.

11. Google Chrome DevTools

And of course we can't forget Google Chrome DevTools. Obd auto doctor windows crack. It is a very easy to use tool (with advanced features) and you can quickly launch it at anytime in your Chrome broswer using the following shortcut keys.

• Windows:F12 or also Ctrl + Shift + I
• Mac:Cmd + Opt + I

With the latest developer tools update, they have added an aggregated details panel into the waterfall timeline. This allows you to more easily see what is costing you the most time, and you can then break it down by domains, subdomains, etc. To run this click into the 'Timeline' panel and press Ctrl + R (Cmd + R) to refresh the page. You can then click into the 'Summary' panel and 'Aggregated' details panel.

We also have a great post on what is blocking the DOM and how to fix it. In the developer tools, you can see exactly the DOMContentLoaded time and the total load time. To run this click into the 'Network' panel, click on the 'Show Overview' option and press Ctrl + R (Cmd + R) to refresh the page. A blue line will show up for DOMContentLoaded and a red line for total load time. Normally everything that is left of or touching the blue line are assets that are blocking the DOM, or also referred to as render blocking resources.

12. Sucuri Load Time Tester

The Sucuri Load Time Tester provides a quick and easy way to test the performance of your sites from around the globe. It will give you a global performance grade, from an A to F. The test measures how long it takes to connect to your site and for one page to fully load. A very important value to pay attention to is the 'time to first byte', which gives you how long it took for the content to be sent back to the browser to start processing the page.

13. Pagelocity

The Pagelocity tool offers another unique approach when it comes to a website speed test. It gives you a total score out of 100, consisting of factors such as social, SEO, resources, and code. The tool also offers the ability to track your competitors. You can signup for a free account to benefit from the additional features. The code view is especially unique as it will show you if your site is running over HTTPS, what your TTFB is, and a graphical interface of your DOM elements with a bar chart.

The resources view is also quite interesting as you can quickly see which assets are making up your total page weight. As you can see in our test images are more than 4x that of our external scripts.

14. YSlow

YSlow is an open source project and tool that analyzes web pages and helps you figure out why they are slow based on Yahoo!'s rules for high performance websites. It is currently maintained by Marcel Duran, who is also involved in the WebPageTest project. YSlow operates in three steps to get its performance test results:

1. YSlow crawls the DOM to find all components (image, scripts, etc.).
2. YSlow gets information about each component size (Gzip, expire headers, etc.)
3. YSlow takes the data and generates a grade for each rule, which in turn gives you an overall grade.

YSlow has 23 different rules that it runs your website against to grade it, such as using a CDN and reducing DNS lookups. GTmetrix offers an online analyzation tool to check your YSlow score. Make sure to check out our in-depth tutorial on how to improve your YSlow score.

15. PerfTool

PerfTool is an open source client side performance tool project, hosted on GitHub. It collects various information about your website and displays it in an easy-to-digest manner on a reports page. It combines three data sources in one, PageSpeed Insights, devperf, and W3CJS. In total it gives you over 200 different performance indicators.

One big advantage with the PerfTool is that you can run multiple pages tests at the same time for Google PageSpeed Insights report. Then, compare website performance results from previous tests, set score threshold and get detailed report about your tests. This can actually save you a lot of time if you are benchmarking your entire site's web performance, as you don't have to test your pages one by one.

Website speed test with Chrome extensions

There are quite a few free Chrome extensions in which you can analyze website speed. Here are a couple of them. You can easily launch them from right within your browser.

Mobile website speed test

If you are needing to run a mobile website speed test a couple of the tools we mentioned above do include this:

• WebPageTest
• GTmetrix
• dotcom-monitor

Another way to simulate a speed test on a mobile device is to use Chrome developer tools in device mode. To enter device mode click on the small phone icon in Chrome DevTools or you can press Ctrl + Shift + M (Cmd + Shift + M). You can then choose what device you want to emulate, the orientation, and even resolution. You can also change the network throttling to see how your website actually would render on say a regular 2G or 4G connection.

You can then use the 'Network' tab and waterfall breakdown to run speed tests.

Summary

As you can see there are a number of website speed test tools you can choose from. Each of them has their own unique features as highlighted above. It is a good idea to regularly test your site and a establish a benchmark so over time you can make improvements.

Once you know where the bottlenecks are you can begin to fix them. Almost all of the tools above list recommendations. Some of the most common fixes include:

• Compressing your images and files
• Picking a fast web host
• Optimizing your code and scripts
• Using a content delivery network
• Caching
• Reducing the number of HTTP requests

What tool do you use to test the speed of your website? GTmetrix or Pingdom? Or maybe another one?

In this article, I would like to analyze the differences between the two most popular tools to evaluate a website’s performance, also suggesting which of the two, in my opinion, is the most reliable.

GTmetrix And Pingdom: Why Are The Results Different?

If you have ever run tests of the same web page using GTmetrix first and then Pingdom, you will have noticed that the results can be very different.

Do not you believe it? Here is the proof. Here are the screenshots of the results I got with the two tools.

Testing the Google site, the differences, although present, are not particularly significant, for some websites I happened to get very different results.

Let’s see what this discrepancy depends on.

Test Location

Pingdom Site Speed Test

First, pay attention to the region you are testing from. If you decide to compare the results of GTmetrix and Pingdom, you need to make sure that the location from which the test is performed is the same.

With Pingdom, you can select it from the drop-down menu next to the URL, while on GTmetrix, you will need to have a free account. Otherwise, the test will be performed by default from Canada.

Recommendations And Suggestions

There is no doubt that GTmetrix is the complete tool regarding details on what affects your website’s speed.

Based on two reports, namely PageSpeed ​​and YSlow, it can analyze 45 different characteristics of a site, show a score for each of them, and inform you how much each one is relevant in contributing to the loading speed.

The indications provided by Pingdom are much less numerous (just 11), but this indeed entails greater ease of use by those who are not very experienced in the sector.

Although both tools rely on the PageSpeed ​​Insights libraries, both GTmetrix and Pingdom have introduced some rules of their own, causing a discrepancy in the results to be created when the same website is tested.

Full-Page Load

Reading this far, you may have already guessed that my favorite tool is GTmetrix, but perhaps, by trying them both, you noticed that the Pingdom tool shows shorter loading times most of the time. We also see it in the image above that shows my test: the speed detected by Pingdom is about half that of GTmetrix.

Only this feature could make you decide always to use Pingdom, but don’t let yourself be tempted! In reality, the most accurate data is that of GTmetrix.

By default, the latter adds to the measurement of the complete page load also a specific period in which there is total inactivity. Garrys mod free 2019.

This means that all the time it takes for the page to load its resources (such as images and CSS) is calculated, but it also includes loading other elements, such as ads.

This result is much more realistic than Pingdom, which uses only the page load time and its primary resources.

As a result, your page may seem fast with Pingdom, but it hasn’t been 100% loaded in reality.

Is Pingdom or GTmetrix Better?

So, in light of these differences, I believe that GTmetrix is ​​primarily a more reliable and more complete tool.

The reports are extremely detailed, and each item contains a link to an in-depth article that will explain precisely how you will need to take action to improve that particular aspect of your site.

Also, it contains a real automatic image optimization tool. If you open the Optimize images item, you will see the list of all the images that can be compressed to save kilobytes, and for each, you will find the link to the optimized image.

Just click on See optimized version to open the image in the browser and, with a simple Save As, you can use it instead of the heaviest one on your site.

Pingdom Tools Website Speed Test

The same thing happens with JavaScript and CSS files. Click on the link under Minify JavaScript and Minify CSS to download your properly minified file.

Finally, I would like to add that GTmetrix allows you to set advanced options, such as:

• The choice of the browser from which to perform the test;
• Blocking ad loading;
• Creating a slow-motion video that shows precisely the critical moments during the upload;
• The ability to enter user and password to analyze protected pages.

Pingdom Tools Speed Test

On the other hand, Pingdom does not have any particular settings that you can customize, except the one relating to the test location.

Conclusion

It’s up to you to decide which tool to test the speed that best suits your needs. If you are looking for a quick and straightforward system that highlights only the main aspects for better performance, then I suggest Pingdom.

If, on the other hand, you prefer to work in more detail and obtain ever faster loading times, and if you also have the skills to interpret more in-depth reports, then go for sure with GTmetrix. Generals zero hour maps pack download.

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• By John Day
• Published Dec 27, 2007 by Pearson.

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• Sorry, this book is no longer in print.

Description

• Copyright 2008
• Edition: 1st

• Premium Website
• ISBN-10: 0-13-225242-2
• ISBN-13: 978-0-13-225242-3

Groundbreaking Patterns for Building Simpler, More Powerful Networks

In Patterns in Network Architecture, pioneer John Day takes a unique approach to solving the problem of network architecture. Piercing the fog of history, he bridges the gap between our experience from the original ARPANET and today’s Internet to a new perspective on networking. Along the way, he shows how socioeconomic forces derailed progress and led to the current crisis.

Beginning with the seven fundamental, and still unanswered, questions identified during the ARPANET’s development, Patterns in Network Architecture returns to bedrock and traces our experience both good and bad. Along the way, he uncovers overlooked patterns in protocols that simplify design and implementation and resolves the classic conflict between connection and connectionless while retaining the best of both. He finds deep new insights into the core challenges of naming and addressing, along with results from upper-layer architecture. All of this in Day’s deft hands comes together in a tour de force of elegance and simplicity with the annoying turn of events that the answer has been staring us in the face: Operating systems tell us even more about networking than we thought. The result is, in essence, the first “unified theory of networking,” and leads to a simpler, more powerful–and above all–more scalable network infrastructure. The book then lays the groundwork for how to exploit the result in the design, development, and management as we move beyond the limitations of the Internet.

Using this new model, Day shows how many complex mechanisms in the Internet today (multihoming, mobility, and multicast) are, with this collapse in complexity, now simply a consequence of the structure. The problems of router table growth of such concern today disappear. The inescapable conclusion is that the Internet is an unfinished demo, more in the tradition of DOS than Unix, that has been living on Moore’s Law and 30 years of band-aids. It is long past time to get networking back on track.

• Patterns in network protocols that synthesize “contradictory” approaches and simplify design and implementation

• “Deriving” that networking is interprocess communication (IPC) yielding

• A distributed IPC model that repeats with different scope and range of operation

• Making network addresses topological makes routing purely a local matter

• That in fact, private addresses are the norm–not the exception–with the consequence that the global public addresses required today are unnecessary

• That mobility is dynamic multihoming and unicast is a subset of multicast, but multicast devolves into unicast and facilitates mobility

• That the Internet today is more like DOS, but what we need should be more like Unix

• For networking researchers, architects, designers, engineers

Provocative, elegant, and profound, Patterns in Network Architecture transforms the way you envision, architect, and implement networks.

Preface: The Seven Unanswered Questions xiii

Chapter 1: Foundations for Network Architecture 1

Chapter 2: Protocol Elements 23

Chapter 3: Patterns in Protocols 57

Chapter 4: Stalking the Upper-Layer Architecture 97

Chapter 5: Naming and Addressing 141

Chapter 6: Divining Layers 185

Chapter 7: The Network IPC Model 235

Chapter 8: Making Addresses Topological 283

Chapter 9: Multihoming, Multicast, and Mobility 317

Chapter 10: Backing Out of a Blind Alley 351

Appendix A: Outline for Gedanken Experiment on Separating Mechanism and Policy 385

Bibliography 389

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Index 399



Extras

Interview(s)

Listen to a Podcast CS Techcast 27: Taking You to Network School with John Day



Sample Content

Online Sample Chapter

Downloadable Sample Chapter

Table of Contents

Preface: The Seven Unanswered Questions xiii

Chapter 1: Foundations for Network Architecture 1

Framer 74 – Pioneer New Patterns And Groundbreaking Designs For Beginners

Chapter 2: Protocol Elements 23

Chapter 3: Patterns in Protocols 57

Chapter 4: Stalking the Upper-Layer Architecture 97

Chapter 5: Naming and Addressing 141

Chapter 6: Divining Layers 185

Chapter 7: The Network IPC Model 235

Chapter 8: Making Addresses Topological 283

Chapter 9: Multihoming, Multicast, and Mobility 317

Tamil serial actor sanjeev salary. Chapter 10: Backing Out of a Blind Alley 351

Appendix A: Outline for Gedanken Experiment on Separating Mechanism and Policy 385

Bibliography 389

Index 399

Preface

Index



Updates

Errata

Print Number	Error Location	Error	Correction	Date Added
2	p xx	Splitting out IP (nothing new for addressing). Splitting IP from TCP seemed a necessity. The transport protocol and IP do very different functions (as will become clear in Chapter 6, “Diving Layers”). The only unfortunate aspect in the creation of IP was that nothing was done about the multihoming problem. IP continued to name the interface. But this was understandable. IP was split out in 1975, soon after the problem was recognized. Although we understood what the multihoming problem was and theoretically what its solution was, there was still much about addressing that was unclear. More theoretical and practical work was necessary. However, it did put us in the uncomfortable position of an Internet address naming a subnetwork point of attachment.	Splitting out IP (nothing new for addressing). Splitting IP from TCP seemed a necessity. The transport protocol and IP do very different functions (as will become clear in Chapter 6, “Divining Layers”). The only unfortunate aspect in the creation of IP was that nothing was done about the multihoming problem. IP continued to name the interface. But this was understandable. IP was split out in 1975, soon after the problem was recognized. Although we understood what the multihoming problem was and theoretically what its solution was, there was still much about addressing that was unclear. More theoretical and practical work was necessary. However, it did put us in the uncomfortable position of an Internet address naming a subnetwork point of attachment.	5/8/2008
2	p xxvi	That brings us to roughly the early 1990s, to the time frame when I started this exercise, just as the IPng was heating up.26 The seven unanswered questions we started with were still unanswered and in the back of my mind (as they always had been). It was not my intention to try to solve them. It is a daunting list. But with each that pattern emerged, was measured against whether they contributed to solving them. I was looking for a clear understanding of where we were. However, three issues had to be looked at. Two of the issues experience had shown could wreck an architecture if not confronted and solved. We have already touched on them: finding a meaningful synthesis of connection and connectionless, and working out naming and addressing (and in particular what location dependent means). The religious war over connections and connectionless had been at the root of too many disasters. A true synthesis was desperately needed. And, of course, just looking at the seven unanswered questions, you can see that a number of issues all revolve around a clear understanding of naming and addressing. The third arose from my experience with hundreds of protocol designs more than 20 years, seeing the same things over and over. I wanted to separate mechanism and policy as we had in operating systems—just to see what would happen.27	That brings us to roughly the early 1990s, to the time frame when I started this exercise, just as the IPng was heating up.26 The seven unanswered questions we started with were still unanswered and in the back of my mind (as they always had been). It was not my intention to try to solve them. It is a daunting list. But as each pattern emerged, it was measured against whether they contributed to solving them. I was looking for a clear understanding of where we were. However, three issues had to be looked at. Two of the issues experience had shown could wreck an architecture if not confronted and solved. We have already touched on them: finding a meaningful synthesis of connection and connectionless, and working out naming and addressing (and in particular what location dependent means). The religious war over connections and connectionless had been at the root of too many disasters. A true synthesis was desperately needed. And, of course, just looking at the seven unanswered questions, you can see that a number of issues all revolve around a clear understanding of naming and addressing. The third arose from my experience with hundreds of protocol designs over more than 30 years, seeing the same things over and over. I wanted to separate mechanism and policy as we had in operating systems—just to see what would happen.27	5/8/2008
2	p xxviii	As noted earlier, several concepts that are key to understanding this model are not generally known. We will rely heavily on what Seymour Papert29 calls the only concepts that make computer science worth learning: problem decomposition, abstraction, and recursion. Abstraction has fallen into to disuse for the past couple of decades, but we will put it to good use here. Furthermore, the architecture we are led to requires a considerable cognitive shift. Therefore, this book is organized to take the reader from what we know to a new way of looking at things. To bridge the gap, so to speak. Even so, this will not be easy for the reader; there is some hard thinking ahead. We first start with a return to fundamentals, to remind us of the minimum assumptions required for communication and for the tools for working with abstractions. In Chapters 2 and 3, we look at the familiar world of protocols and separating mechanism and policy. Here, new patterns emerge that indicate there are probably only three kinds of protocols, and then later we find that one of them is more a “common header” than a protocol. We are also able to make considerable progress in resolving the conflict between connections and connectionless.30 In Chapter 4, we review our experience with “upper layers” and learn some things that we did right and some things to avoid. As strange as it might sound, we find some key concepts here that will be useful in constructing our fundamental model, while at the same time concluding that there is no “upper-layer architecture.” Then in Chapter 5, “Naming and Addressing,”we take a hard look at that ever-difficult and subtle topic, “naming and addressing.” We give special emphasis to Saltzer’s 1982 paper expanding on it slightly, noting how the current infatuation with the “loc/id split” problem is a dead end. By the time we reach Chapter 6, we have a pretty reasonable picture of the problem and the elements we will need and can consider the problem of assembling them into a system. Here we embark on a simple exercise that any of us could have done at any time over the past 30 years only to find it yields the structure we have been looking for. (A revolting department!) This chapter is key to everything.	As noted earlier, several concepts that are key to understanding this model are not generally known. We will rely heavily on what Seymour Papert29 calls the only concepts that make computer science worth learning: problem decomposition, abstraction, and recursion. Abstraction has fallen into disuse for the past couple of decades, but we will put it to good use here. Furthermore, the architecture we are led to requires a considerable cognitive shift. Therefore, this book is organized to take the reader from what we know to a new way of looking at things. To bridge the gap, so to speak. Even so, this will not be easy for the reader; there is some hard thinking ahead. We first start with a return to fundamentals, to remind us of the minimum assumptions required for communication and for the tools for working with abstractions. In Chapters 2 and 3, we look at the familiar world of protocols and separating mechanism and policy. Here, new patterns emerge that indicate there are probably only three..

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